Which three major soil characteristics affect chemical movement?

Soil texture, soil permeability, and soil organic matter are critical characteristics that significantly affect the movement of chemicals through the soil.

Soil texture refers to the size distribution of soil particles—sand, silt, and clay. This influences the soil's ability to retain water and nutrients and determines how quickly these elements can move through the soil profile. For example, sandy soils typically allow for rapid drainage and can lead to faster movement of chemicals, while clay soils may retain water and chemicals longer due to finer particles that create tighter packing.

Soil permeability is the measure of how easily water and air can move through the soil. It directly impacts the rate at which chemical compounds are transported through the soil. High permeability means that water and solutes can move quickly, which can enhance leaching, while low permeability leads to slower movement and greater retention of chemicals in the soil.

Soil organic matter plays a crucial role in chemical movement as well, as it enhances nutrient availability and influences the soil's ability to bind to certain chemicals. Organic matter can improve soil structure, increase water retention, and provide active sites for chemical reactions, thereby influencing the distribution and mobility of various substances within the soil.

The other options include factors that may influence soil and water interaction,